Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF)

Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy delivers low-frequency, low-intensity pulsed magnetic fields to tissue, typically via flat coil applicators at frequencies from 1 to several hundred Hz and field strengths far below therapeutic MRI levels. Proposed mechanisms include voltage-gated ion channel modulation (particularly calcium influx), mitochondrial membrane potential effects, and downstream shifts in reactive oxygen species and inflammatory signaling, though the biophysical mechanisms remain incompletely characterised. Regulatory approval exists for specific indications—bone non-union healing and post-operative pain in some jurisdictions—supported by a moderate body of evidence. Evidence for broader longevity, metabolic, cognitive, or recovery applications is heterogeneous: some small RCTs report reductions in pain and inflammation, but effect sizes are variable, blinding is difficult, device parameters differ widely across studies, and high-quality long-term human trials are lacking.