DunedinPACE

DunedinPACE (Pace of Aging Calculated from the Epigenome) is an epigenetic clock published in 2022 by Belsky and colleagues that estimates the rate of biological ageing rather than a static age. It was trained in the Dunedin 1972-1973 birth cohort on longitudinal change across 19 organ-system biomarkers and translated into a DNA-methylation score using 173 CpGs. The score is calibrated so that 1 represents the cohort-mean pace of one year of biological aging per chronological year; values above 1 indicate faster-than-average ageing. DunedinPACE shows good test-retest reliability and predicts morbidity and mortality.