Insulin resistance

Insulin resistance is a state in which target tissues respond poorly to insulin, prompting the pancreas to secrete more to maintain glucose homeostasis. Driven by visceral adiposity, ectopic fat in liver and muscle, chronic inflammation, and inactivity, it underlies prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly NAFLD). Insulin resistance is also associated with accelerated cardiovascular aging, cognitive decline, and shortened healthspan.